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In the Great Famine of 1315–17, up to 15% of the population of England and Wales died, according to historical records. Harvests had failed and famines had struck in the century or so before the pandemic emerged. The late 13th and 14th centuries were a time of climatic cooling and erratic weather. When the Black Death struck, many places in Europe were already beleaguered. "We should all be learning in our bones, in a way that will never be forgotten, why has happened the way it has." "The ways that social inequalities are manifested … put people at higher risk," says Monica Green, an independent historian who studies the Black Death.
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Cases there have been concentrated in poorer ZIP codes, where people live in crowded apartments and can't work from home or flee to vacation homes. In hard-hit New York City, Latino and black people have been twice as likely to die from COVID-19 as white people.
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Prime Minister Boris Johnson and actor Tom Hanks, it is not an equal-opportunity killer. Although the disease has memorably struck some of the world's rich and powerful, including U.K. That reality is on stark display during the COVID-19 pandemic. DESAI/ SCIENCE (DATA) GUIDO ALFANI AND THOMAS PIKETTY Data from elsewhere in Europe suggest economic inequality dropped again after 1918, but the impact of that year's influenza pandemic can't be separated from that of two world wars. Sometimes a leveler Before the 20th century, rising economic inequality in Italy was reversed only once: during and after the Black Death, according to tax records. In turn, the pandemics themselves affected societal inequality, by either undermining or reinforcing existing power structures. The people at greatest risk were often those already marginalized-the poor and minorities who faced discrimination in ways that damaged their health or limited their access to medical care even in prepandemic times. "Bioarchaeology and other social sciences have repeatedly demonstrated that these kinds of crises play out along the preexisting fault lines of each society," says Gwen Robbins Schug, a bioarchaeologist at Appalachian State University who studies health and inequality in ancient societies. In France, which also lost about half its population, chronicler Gilles Li Muisis wrote, "neither the rich, the middling sort, nor the pauper was secure each had to await God's will."īut careful archaeological and historical work at East Smithfield and elsewhere has revealed that intersecting social and economic inequalities shaped the course of the Black Death and other epidemics. For those who lived through that awful time, it seemed no one was safe. The impact was as dreadful as feared: In 1349, the Black Death killed about half of all Londoners from 1347 to 1351, it killed between 30% and 60% of all Europeans. Unable to save lives, the city tried to save souls. The city prepared the best way it knew how: Officials built a massive cemetery, called East Smithfield, to bury as many victims as possible in consecrated ground, which the faithful believed would allow God to identify the dead as Christians on Judgment Day. The plague caused painful and frightening symptoms, including fever, vomiting, coughing up blood, black pustules on the skin, and swollen lymph nodes. In the summer of 1348, the disease had reached English ports from continental Europe and begun to ravage its way toward the capital. Londoners had heard reports of devastation from cities such as Florence, where 60% of people had died of plague the year before. When the Black Death arrived in London by January 1349, the city had been waiting with dread for months.